Kiel Working Papers, Kiel Institute for World Economics
No 1829:
Private Labels and International Trade: Trading Variety for Volume
Emily Blanchard, Tatyana Chesnokova and Gerald Willmann
Abstract: This paper explores the role of pooled-producer, e.g.
private label, trade intermediation in shaping the range and diversity of
exports. Direct sales maintain a firm's unique product characteristics
(`brand equity'), whereas trade through an intermediary can take two forms
— either a wholesaling arrangement that (also) maintains the exporter's
unique brand but imposes a higher marginal cost (via double
marginalization), or a `private label' contract under which the firm's
product is pooled with other firms' output and re-sold under a new private
label brand created by the intermediary. This paper focuses on the latter,
and shows that the availability of the private label option results in
greater total export volumes and lower average prices for consumers, but
fewer independent varieties available in equilibrium. Welfare implications
are mixed: consumers trade variety for volume, firms face greater
competition from the new pooled-products, and intermediaries capture much
of the gains from trade
Keywords: Private Labels, Export Mode, Intermediaries, Heterogeneous Firms, International Retailers; (follow links to similar papers)
JEL-Codes: F13,; F16,; D72,; E60; (follow links to similar papers)
26 pages, February 2013
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